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A statistic that measures the consistency of findings as the proportion of total variation in point estimates attributable to heterogeneity is now widely used. Blunt dissection with a hand following the plane of the peritoneum and separating it from the transversalis fascia. Usually the results are biochemically incredible but it is just possible that they may be acted upon with disastrous consequences for the patient. Some authors have recommended the use of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), amitriptyline (Elavil), and neurontin to reduce symptoms. If an antifolic is used and the mother does not have a spontaneous abortion, therapeutic abortion should be seriously considered. Most of the data to date on the effects of irradiation on the fetus are from single-dose exposure; few data are available concerning the effects of fractionated irradiation. Tolerance of infections was also normal, as was secondary sexual development among the older children. When compared to similar patients who had low-risk disease and were treated with chemotherapy alone, patients receiving primary hysterectomy had shorter duration of chemotherapy and lower total dosage of chemotherapy, roughly equivalent to one cycle of chemotherapy. It is particularly important that the lateral "horns" of the upper vaginal vault be thoroughly examined. One series involved 42 patients who were treated over a 5-year period with a peritoneal venous shunt, which diverted peritoneal fluid into the vascular space. Often, the clinician must rely exclusively on history and, especially, clinical examination to assess the risk to the patient. In menopausal women, accelerated bone loss is associated with a high bone turnover rate and increased osteoclast activity. A few scattered reports of sarcoma botryoides of the cervix and vagina in pregnancy were recorded during the 1960s by Roddick and Honig and Schwartz and colleagues. There are unique molecules that are aimed at gene products or proteins activated by these factors. Such findings concerning poorer prognosis among postpartum diagnoses had not been identified in previous series and warrant continued attention. Proper planning of radiation therapy and individualization of treatment plans are essential to minimize the more serious complications of acute and long-term radiation sequelae in these organs. Our practice is to reassess young women with suspected functional cysts with a repeat examination and ultrasound in 6 to 8 weeks. One involved less radical surgery, which included removal of the breast and axillary contents, but preserved the pectoral muscles and more skin. As the cells multiply the immunoglobulin production becomes large enough to be observed on electrophoresis as a single discrete band. This therapeutic gain may be from a variety of mechanisms including selective uptake, targeting, or activation. Patients should be cautioned to avoid the use of drugs and dietary products that might alter the metabolism or absorption of warfarin. Pregnant patients with a firm diagnosis of preinvasive or microinvasive disease of the cervix should be allowed to deliver vaginally, and further therapy can be tailored to their needs after delivery. The results are used to calculate a recurrence score to identify the likelihood of cancer recurrence in patients treated with tamoxifen. The incidence of positive inguinal and pelvic nodes varies considerably, as noted in Table 8-4. They clearly give valuable information and allow the practitioner to reassure the patient or family or initiate further investigations or treatment. Excisional biopsy of a lymph node or biopsy of a sentinel node, in the absence of assignment of a pT, is classified as a clinical N, for example, cN1. The earlier that most tumors are detected and treated, the better will be the chance of cure. Benedet and colleagues found that 19 of their 97 patients (20%) with vaginal cancer had surgery for benign diseases. Knowledge of anatomy, the disease process, and surgical technique is key during these complicated surgical procedures. Once fetal anomalies and an abnormal karyotype are excluded, with some degree of caution the literature supports continuing the pregnancy provided there is no evidence of pre-eclampsia and the mother strongly wishes to do so. In animal studies, the high circulating levels of estrogens in pregnancy have been shown to control melanocyte activity.
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Counseling should include discussion of risks of testing, interpretation of the results, and interpretation of risk based on family history alone irrespective of the results of any tests. Phenotypically normal females suspected of having a dysgerminoma should be evaluated with a karyotype, especially if ovarian conservation is desired. In addition, the peak opioid effect is higher and the duration of pain relief is longer. Venous bleeding in the pelvis is probably more common given the fragility of the thin vein wall and the extensive network of pelvic venous plexus. An unexpectedly high serum potassium concentration in an outpatient should always be investigated with urgency. The use of this agent in combination with other biologic and cytotoxic therapy is currently under way. Most clinicians consider patients with absolute granulocyte counts less than 500/mm3 for 5 days or longer to be at a higher risk for sepsis. Patients were treated with radical hysterectomy followed by 50-Gy radiotherapy to the pelvis with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment of patients with druginduced interstitial pneumonitis involves discontinuation of the cytotoxic agent and supportive care. First, earnest attempts should be made to deliberate over and negotiate a prior understanding between patient, proxy, and physician about what constitutes futile care for the patient and what falls within acceptable limits for the physicians, family, and possibly also the institution. It is a result of fluctuating hormone levels and is most common in premenopausal women between the ages of 20 and 50. The identification of the risk for pelvic lymph node spread, even in cases of small stage I tumors, led to the recommendation that retroperitoneal node dissection be carried out before the local treatment. Assessment of urinary specific gravity usually just confirms the impression gained by visually inspecting the colour of the urine. Peritoneal Cytology the importance of peritoneal cytology in endometrial cancer is controversial. Microinvasive carcinomas in which the depth of invasion is considered greater than early stromal invasion 2. In contrast, tumor suppressor gene inactivations are loss of function events, usually requiring a mutational event in one allele followed by a loss or inactivation of the other allele. Gene rearrangement the process by which part or all of a gene is moved from its normal location in the genome to another site within the genome. Image-Guided Percutaneous Breast Biopsy With the current advancements available in breast imaging, percutaneous image-guided breast biopsy is increasingly being used as an alternative to surgical biopsy. In eight patients, ovarian tumor enlargement was noted during a period of observation; two were malignant, one serous cystadenoma occurred, and five were teratomas. As small bowel injury progresses, fibrosis of the injured bowel wall develops, leading to stricture and partial or complete obstruction. These cases speak to the importance of pretreatment counseling of patients who undergo such therapies. It is unclear whether the treatment should be continuous or cyclic, but there are theoretical advantages to the endometrial shedding provided by the progesterone withdrawal bleed. Therefore, reirradiation for recurrent disease is usually not a worthwhile consideration. Because factors associated with the choice of vaginal hysterectomy (morbid obesity, medical comorbidities) are often associated with favorable uterine characteristics (low-grade lesions, smaller uterus), it is not surprising that survival rates are comparable to those of the abdominal approach. Too often a chemotherapeutic regimen will produce an excellent response rate but not affect the overall survival rate. On gross examination, they are irregular, gray or white, indurated with central retraction and have an appearance identical to scirrhous carcinoma. In Germany, interdisciplinarity with general surgeons, urologists, plastic surgeons, and radiation oncologists is more common. Although metastasis can occur, the clinical course is usually indolent, and surgery only is usually adequate treatment. There was no difference in progression-free or overall survival in the subsets of patients with measurable or nonmeasurable disease. Although historically the role of pelvic and abdominal irradiation and intraperitoneal 32P has been described, the radioisotope and irradiation treatment approaches have all but faded from frontline therapy for ovarian carcinoma. In recent years, taxanes have been incorporated into the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings to improve outcomes. Relative body weight is probably the most useful of these measurements, because rapid weight loss is usually an indication of protein-calorie undernutrition.
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The later cohort had significantly less vaginal bleeding on presentation (51% vs 74%, P <0. Sodium intake is variable, a range of less than 100 mmoL/day to more than 300 mmol/day being encountered in Western societies. At the same time, there is growing recognition that osteoporosis is a major public health problem in the United States. Tumor cells do not have faster generation times but do have more cells in the active phases of replication. Cholinesterase, normally involved in the process of neuromuscular conduction, incidentally hydrolyses suxamethonium (succinylcholine), a muscle-relaxing drug used in anaesthesia. The dose of 200 mg for 12 days per month in a cyclic fashion causes withdrawal bleeding in a predictable manner. Many reports show that even in advanced cases, the most important factor for long-term survival after highdose chemotherapy is the completeness of the primary cytoreductive surgery. This situation may occur because of poor preoperative evaluation or because the surgery was performed under emergency conditions without an adequate preoperative cervical evaluation. Features in the history in families that should be considered when deciding when to patients for genetic counseling are listed in Table 19-6. Once in each 6000 units of blood transferred, an acute hemolytic reaction will occur, with a mortality rate of 1: 17. Oedematous patients have an excess of both total body sodium and water; they should be given a diuretic to induce natriuresis, and be fluid restricted. The cumulative number of epithelial ovarian cancer cases estimated to occur per 100,000 oral contraceptive users compared with never-users decreased with increasing duration of use. Small molecules move freely through this membrane and are, therefore, not osmotically active across it. Serum albumin is probably the single most important test for determining protein calorie undernutrition. Two of three study pathologists had to agree on one of the aforementioned five diagnoses for a study panel diagnosis to be established. Currently, there is no established role of high-dose therapy in ovarian germ cell tumors. Three contemporary series (Rouzier, 2003; Gaarenstroom, 2003; and Gould, 2001) have shown that wound cellulitis occurs in 25% to 39% of patients; wound breakdown in 17% to 31% of patients; and lymphedema in 28% to 39% of patients. Patients with platinum resistance are good candidates for novel investigational approaches and studies of drug resistance. After extensive evaluation of these situations, there appears to be very little, if any, relationship. This more intensive evaluation of all patients certainly would pick up more patients with an inherited defect. Because intraperitoneal 32P has failed to demonstrate improved outcomes, can be associated with increased complications, and is "technique-intensive," it has all but evaporated from our contemporary treatment planning. Less than 5% of these patients will have obstruction caused by radiation fibrosis, and often this group is difficult to identify. Occasionally, dysgerminoma contains isolated gonadotropin-producing syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. These borderline malignant neoplasms account for approximately 15% of all epithelial ovarian cancers. Assay chromatography with concanavalin sepharose A will separate the -fetoprotein into either the yolk sac or liver variant because the yolk sac form of -fetoprotein contains the carbonal sugar and is the type produced by the endodermal sinus tumor. Radial scars are reported to have a coexistent carcinoma in 20% and therefore also require surgical excision. Combining radiation therapy with surgery or chemotherapy decreases normal tissue tolerance to a given dose. Although massive pulmonary emboli are usually quickly fatal, pulmonary embolectomy has been performed successfully on rare occasions. Pain may also be a result of associated inflammatory processes from tuboovarian abscess or diverticular abscess. Other studies have also noted a survival rate of pregnant women with Hodgkin disease comparable with that of nonpregnant patients with Hodgkin disease. These patients are often quickly and superficially diagnosed as having recurrent disease, and no further investigation is initiated.
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Moderately emetogenic chemotherapies include lower doses of cisplatin (<50 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (750-1500 mg/m2) and carboplatin, doxorubicin, methotrexate (>1000 mg/m2), ifosfamide, and high-dose 5-fluorouracil. Of note, 144 patients were followed for less than 6 months, and another 100 were followed for up to 12 months. Vergote and colleagues assessed 1545 stage I ovarian cancer patients and found that tumor differentiation/grade and cyst rupture were the two most important predictors for disease-free survival. Patients who describe around-the-clock nausea, not just intermittent with meals, may have a central nervous system lesion or a proximal small bowel obstruction that must be evaluated. Sedlacek and colleagues described 27 patients treated with whole-abdomen irradiation after platinumbased chemotherapy. Radiobiologists estimate that in the case of injury to normal tissues, only 5% to 20% of the damage is repaired. A twin pregnancy comprising one placenta exhibiting a complete mole (no fetus) and the other placenta sustaining a normal twin 3. Referral to a counselor can occur at any time, but immediately after or during treatment seems like the most practical and common. These can be managed through a posterior colpotomy with transvaginal drainage of the dominant cyst and subsequent removal of the ovary through the colpotomy. None of the patients with three or fewer unilateral involved nodes had pelvic node metastases. Successful chemotherapy of cancer requires a physiologic edge that can be exploited to differentially kill cancer cells but spare normal cells as much as possible. For years, Woodruff and coworkers suggested this hypothesis of migration of chemical carcinogens from the vagina to the pelvic peritoneum. Tumor lysis syndrome - - Present Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated Death Definition: A disorder characterized by metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells. All public education should emphasize the prevention and cure of cancer, and a more optimistic attitude would help motivate patients and physicians to seek appropriate action. Even though the most patients with endometrial carcinoma do not experience recurrence or die of disease, the number of endometrial cancer deaths has risen over the past several years. Thirty-one patients had pure immature teratomas, and 13 patients had immature teratomas with microscopic endodermal sinus tumor foci. Once these vessels have been ligated and transected, retrograde removal of large ovarian masses is more easily performed. Clinical risk factors important for assigning staging and treatment include duration of disease as determined by interval from antecedent pregnancy, type of antecedent pregnancy, and previous treatment. Histologically, fibrothecomatous components are common, and the cytoplasm is usually scanty. Failure of physicians to recognize and emphasize the importance of symptom management and psychosocial support 5. Although theca-lutein cysts do not commonly occur in a normal pregnancy, they are often associated with hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma. Stomal ulcer Asymptomatic; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated Symptomatic; medical intervention indicated Severe symptoms; elective operative intervention indicated - - Definition: A disorder characterized by a circumscribed, inflammatory, and necrotic erosive lesion on the jejunal mucosal surface close to the anastomosis site following a gastroenterostomy procedure. A rough linear relationship is suggested, with a probability of mental retardation occurring at 0. Watanabe and associates did not find cancer size was predictive of lymph node metastasis. Only the presence of myometrial invasion was associated with an increased risk of recurrence. For example, a sodium concentration of 140 mmol/L may become 130 mmol/L because the amount of sodium in the solution has fallen or because the amount of water has increased (see p. More than 80% of patients with recurrent disease have pelvic recurrence noted clinically, and most recurrences appear within 2 years of primary therapy. Osteoporosis prevention strategies should begin before 40 years of age as a result of a decline in peak bone mass.
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If after primary chemotherapy the patient has no clinical evidence of disease (clinical complete response), a second-look procedure was often considered in the past to ascertain the presence of subclinical residual 304 11. It is taken up by liver cells and conjugated to form mono- and diglucuronides, which are much more soluble in water than unconjugated bilirubin. Pelvic and aortic lymph nodes may be involved 10% to 20% of the time in apparent stage I disease, and lymphadenectomy is an important diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. There also was one case each of the use of the following regimens: cisplatin plus paclitaxel, cisplatin plus docetaxel, carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide, and single-agent paclitaxel. The operative period is the most dangerous period for the formation of a thrombus in the leg or pelvic veins. Low-grade sarcomas may recur, but their clinical course is marked by late recurrences, typically greater than 5 years from diagnosis, with recurrences up to 25 years having been reported. After 3 to 5 minutes, excision can be performed with a loop size that will excise the complete lesion. Although retrospective studies have not shown frequent congenital abnormalities in patients treated in the second and third trimesters, many newer agents have not been used frequently in pregnancy. Protein is necessary for growth and development to maintain body structures and function. They often require a highly individualized approach to address the extent of their disease and treatment toxicity. Study of the vascular architecture was further enhanced using three-dimensional power Doppler imaging. For these reasons, colposcopy in pregnancy is difficult and should be reserved for an experienced gynecologist. Initial studies from the early 1980s utilizing laparoscopy followed by immediate laparotomy indicated a false-negative predictive value of 29% to 55% for laparoscopic surgery. Elderly women are more likely than younger women to be in advanced stages of ovarian cancer at initial diagnosis, and the 5-year relative survival rate for elderly women is about half the rate (28. Primary treatment consists of wide local excision and primary closure without the need to surgically evaluate regional lymph nodes. If larger areas are involved, an upper colpectomy may be necessary if the lesion is to be removed by surgery. If resected margins remain positive on re-excision, mastectomy is the preferred treatment. The rarity of leiomyosarcomas, however, has made randomized study of this tumor more difficult. The fact that five of the removed tumors were malignant underscores the importance of avoiding unnecessary delay in the operative investigation of these patients. Chronic myelogenous leukemia in pregnancy, however, can be managed similar to Hodgkin disease, with a justifiable delay in definitive treatment of several weeks if indicated. These studies are unable to be generalized to estrogen use in the younger perimenopausal age groups, and the cohort and epidemiologic studies reveal some benefit, but use of progestin consistently decreases benefit. Hyponatraemia may occur in the patient with gastrointestinal or renal fluid losses that have caused sodium depletion. Much of the data available about genetic alterations in cancers come from studies other than of gynecologic malignant neoplasms. Hysteroscopy has been suggested as adjuvant in making the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and in establishing the extent of disease. If constipation persists, secondary etiologies, such as bowel obstruction, should be considered. After serial dilatation of the cervix, uterine evacuation is accomplished with the largest cannula that can be introduced through the cervix. Treatment Toxicity Given the favorable long-term outcomes associated with modern surgical management and combination platinum-based chemotherapy for women with germ cell malignancies, the long-term effects of treatment toxicity cannot be ignored. According to Norris and associates, the quantity of immature neural tissue alone determines the grade. Permanent sterility in females is estimated to have a threshold of 250 to 600 cGy to acute exposure and 0. The authors suggest the term squamous differentiation instead, with differentiation of the glandular component noted as the important prognostic factor.
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In general, the more widespread the disease, the poorer the prognosis, even if all apparent disease is confined to the lymphoid regions. The role of this individual consultant is not to singlehandedly resolve the conflict but rather to facilitate discussions that help to reach that end. In 1993 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released the following statement: "In women with a history of endometrial cancer, estrogens could be used for the same indications as for any other woman, except that the selection of appropriate candidates should be based on prognostic indicators and the risk the patient is willing to assume. Areas of lichen simplex chronicus are often localized, elevated, and well delineated, but they may be extensive and poorly defined. In addition to hemorrhage (hypovolemic shock), the differential diagnosis of shock must include many other causes, such as cardiogenic (myocardial infarction) and cardiac compressive conditions (cardiac tamponade or pneumothorax), sepsis, drug overdose, and pulmonary embolism. Sentinel Lymph Node Identification Although the risk of nodal metastases is low in women with small, early cancers. If serious disagreement is Surrogate Decision-Making If the patient who lacks decision-making capacity has not designated a health care proxy, state law may dictate the order in which relatives should be asked to serve as surrogates. Dry mouth, urinary tension, pruritus, myoclonus, altered cognitive function, dysphoria, euphoria, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, physiologic dependence, tolerance, and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone are also reported side effects of opioid agents. The initial chemical change occurs in a fraction of a second and is rarely detected directly. In the first 30 minutes, drug uptake into normal tissues has been shown to be 100 times that of tumor tissues. Methods of eternal nutrition vary from frequent snack between meals to the insertion of a comfortable nasogastric feeding tube on a continuous drip of nutritional supplements. Table 8-1 depicts the incidence of vulvar neoplasia from several collected studies in the literature. Opponents state that recurrence most frequently occurs in the peritoneal cavity, and therefore lymph node status has little impact on the overall disease course. The accurate delineation of gross tumor volume suggests the potential for sparing of normal tissue. Maternal serum -fetoprotein levels are routinely measured between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation to screen for neural tube defects. Although interesting, it appears that targeting of patients for high-dose therapy with bone marrow support cannot be considered standard therapy and should only be done as part of an established national protocol so that information can be obtained to increase our knowledge of this therapy. The two patients who failed to respond to pulse therapy were subsequently cured by alternative treatment. There have been four reports of limb malformations following cytarabine administration during the first trimester; among 89 additional cases in which the drug was given during all trimesters (usually in combination with other agents), adverse fetal events included transient cytopenia (5%), intrauterine fetal demise (6%), intrauterine growth restriction (13%), and two neonatal deaths from sepsis and gastroenteritis. In the study by Sakuragi and colleagues, none of 22 patients for whom the nerve-sparing procedure was performed had urinary dysfunction, compared to 3 of the 5 patients for whom the procedure could not be performed. The avoidance of conization is also valuable in reducing the risk to the patient from 22 1. Depth of invasion should not be more than 5 mm related to the basis of the epithelium of the original tissue (superficial or glandular). It may be a result of rapid size change and can be caused by torsion, hemorrhage into the mass, or rupture. This allows those individuals to undergo more intensive screening, chemoprevention with something like oral contraceptives, and possible surgical prophylaxis. These also regress postpartum and should not be resected unless acute complications develop. Varying the time of sample centrifugation may also provide evidence, in the form of a progressive steep rise in serum potassium seen with delayed centrifugation. Classifying the Mass the complete evaluation of a patient with an adnexal mass requires that the physician assemble and analyze all of the available information from the history, examination, imaging studies, and tumor markers.
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With this as background, we believe that prophylactic oophorectomy should be offered to all perimenopausal patients (40 to 50 years of age) undergoing pelvic surgery. The most productive diagnostic technique is careful inspection of the vulva in bright light during a routine pelvic examination followed by biopsies of suspicious lesions. Other factors are also important in preventing osteoporosis, such as adequate dietary calcium, exercise, and vitamin D intake. Additional trials are in progress to clarify the potential role for maintenance therapy. Multifocal growth pattern in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is uncommon, except for the so-called kissing lesions that can occur as isolated lesions. Different patterns of emesis include acute emesis (within 24 hours of chemotherapy infusion), delayed emesis (typically beginning 16-24 hours after chemotherapy but persisting up to 72-96 h), and anticipatory emesis. Very occasionally, however, it may be due to other substances such as methanol or ethylene glycol from the ingestion of antifreeze. For these clinicians, the most important decisions revolve around identification of patients who should be referred out of the community to a specialist for treatment of high-risk disease. The Papanicolaou smear is effective in detecting vaginal cancer in an asymptomatic patient. Morphologically, neoplasms can be divided into solid and cystic types based on ultrasound and gross appearances. Although different classes of teratogens have been established, certain general principles apply to all. In many, if not most, cases, reanastomosis with the end-to-end anastomosis stapler can be performed and the fecal stream continues through the anus. About 80% to 85% of granulosa cell and theca cell neoplasms are palpable on abdominal or pelvic examination, but occasionally an unsuspected tumor is found when a hysterectomy is done on a patient who has abnormal bleeding as a result of endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial carcinoma. The background incidence of growth restriction varies according to the population, geographic location, and standard growth curves used as a reference. Data on subcutaneous administration demonstrate less hypotension, but treatable nausea and skin effects persist. The gold standard of clinical trials is the Single-patient clinical trials are indicated only in specific situations. If a positive sentinel node is found on one side, then a complete groin dissection should be done bilaterally. These catheters may be placed from the antecubital fossa, although the percutaneous subclavian or internal or external jugular vein approaches are more commonly used. A commonly described "clinical pearl" has been the relationship of a rapidly enlarging uterus to leiomyosarcoma. There were 33 women with low malignant potential tumors, and 7 (21%) had nodal metastasis. Similarly, Eisenhauer and associates reported a 43% response rate to carboplatin in patients whose treatment-free interval was more than 12 months compared with 10% in those whose treatment-free interval was less than 12 months. This strategy delivers potentially curative doses of radiation to pelvic lymph nodes with microscopic foci of metastatic tumor followed by surgical resection of the remaining central tumor because the gravid uterus is not suitable for intracavitary radium or cesium. Billroth advocated premature induction of labor for this reason but did not find that abortion contributed to cure. Renal retention of potassium in response to reduced intake ensures that hypokalaemia occurs only when intake is severely restricted. Doctors and patients alike continue to be frustrated by our lack of understanding of the factors that lead to ovarian cancer and the failure to achieve a significant reduction in mortality. This is in contrast to intestinal carcinoid tumors, which are associated with the syndrome only when there is metastatic spread to the liver. Overall survival was also acceptable, reaching 17 months for the resistant group and 26 months for the sensitive group. One would have expected the treatment difference to be most pronounced in this patient subgroup. Fifty-seven patients were treated, and the regimen was well tolerated and did not adversely affect the pregnancy.
